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- State of the bears: Charting the world’s polar bear subpopulations
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The polar bear is one of eight extant species in the bear family, Ursidae, and of six extant species in the subfamily Ursinae. Different subspecies have been proposed including Ursus maritimus maritimus and U. Marinus.a However, these are not supported, and the polar bear is considered to be monotypic.
State of the bears: Charting the world’s polar bear subpopulations
Polar bears travel in response to changes in ice cover throughout the year. Terrestrial habitats used by polar bears include forests, mountains, rocky areas, lakeshores and creeks. Climate change has caused a decline in sea ice, giving the polar bear less access to its favoured prey and increasing the risk of malnutrition and starvation.
The most commonly taken species is the ringed seal, but they also prey on bearded seals and harp seals. Ringed seals are ideal prey as they are abundant and small enough to be overpowered by even small bears. Less common prey are hooded seals, spotted seals, ribbon seals and the more temperate-living harbour seals. Polar bears, mostly adult males, will occasionally hunt walruses both on land and ice. Compared with the brown bear, this species has a more slender build, with a narrower, flatter and smaller skull, a longer neck, and a lower shoulder hump.
Diet and hunting
In the mid-20th century, countries began to regulate polar bear harvesting, culminating in the 1973 agreement. At adulthood, polar bears have a high survival rate, though adult males suffer injuries from fights over mates. Polar bears are especially susceptible to Trichinella, a parasitic roundworm they contract through cannibalism.
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If the male can get close to a cub, the mother may try to fight him off, sometimes at the cost of her life. Their range includes Greenland, Canada, Alaska, Russia and the Svalbard Archipelago of Norway. Polar bears have been recorded as close as 25km (16 mi) from the North Pole. The southern limits of their range include James Bay and Newfoundland and Labrador in Canada and St. Matthew Island and the Pribilof Islands of Alaska.
A polar bear is a great white northern bear (family Ursidae) found throughout the Arctic region. Another bear, Binky of the Alaska Zoo in Anchorage, became famous for attacking two visitors who got too close. To reduce stereotypical behaviours, zookeepers provide the bears with enrichment items to trigger their play behaviour. In sufficiently warm conditions, algae concentrated in the medulla of their fur’s guard hairs may cause zoo polar bears to appear green. The Chukchi Sea Planning Area of northwestern Alaska, which has had many drilling leases, was found to be an important site for non-denning female bears.
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Polar bears breed in the late spring as the temperatures begin to rise in the Arctic. Many of the polar bear’s physical adaptations help it maintain body heat and deal with its icy habitat. The bear’s outer layer of fur is hollow and reflects light, giving the fur a white color that helps the bear remain camouflaged. The skin under the polar bear’s fur pokie net is actually black; this black is evident only on the nose. Polar bears also have a thick layer of fat below the surface of the skin, which acts as insulation on the body to trap heat.
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Killing a polar bear was considered a rite of passage for boys in some cultures. Native people respected the animal and hunts were subject to strict rituals. For the Netsilik, the individual who finally killed the bear had the right to its fur while the meat was passed to all in the party.
Polar bears are excellent swimmers, and they travel long distances between shore and the sea ice if necessary. During periods of ice breakup, polar bears frequently swim between floating ice islands. The polar bear’s footpads have a kind of “non-slip” surface, allowing them to get traction on slippery ice. Polar bears have strong legs and large, flattened feet with some webbing between their toes, which helps with swimming and walking on ice.
